I had the same issue. Nightmare to identify the problem, because the logs and outputs show no errors or failures. I simply get "Build: 39 succeeded" and "Publish: 1 failed".
I resolved the problem by systematically removing all NuGet packages one at a time (and removing code that references it) until I identified the offending one.
This takes a LONG time!
However, the answer for me was Microsoft.Net.Compilers.
No idea how I ended up with that in my project, but as soon as I removed that package, everything publishes fine again.
Edit - For what it's worth, this problem occurs on VS 2008, 2012 and 2015 but does not occur on 2017.
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