8/29/2016 Edit
The original answer below is no longer functional in modern browsers. For those who still need to use a tag instead of doing magic with HTML lists, a better solution was found on this stackoverflow thread: Rendering a hierarchy of "OPTION"s in a "SELECT" tag
I would recommend the solution suggested by igor-krupitsky who suggests dropping and using the binary   instead. At least on Chrome, this does not break using the keyboard to find the first character of an item in the list.
End Edit
The current HTML specification does not provide for nested tags adding any functionality (such as indentation). See this link.
In the mean time, you can manually style your levels with CSS. I tried using styles in your sample, but for some reason they did not render correctly, so at the very least the following will work:
<select name="select_projects" id="select_projects">
<option value="">project.xml</option>
<optgroup label="client1">
<option value="">project2.xml</option>
</optgroup>
<optgroup label="client2">
<option value="">project5.xml</option>
<option value="">project6.xml</option>
<optgroup label="client2_a">
<option value="" style="margin-left:23px;">project7.xml</option>
<option value="" style="margin-left:23px;">project8.xml</option>
</optgroup>
<option value="">project3.xml</option>
<option value="">project4.xml</option>
</optgroup>
<option value="">project0.xml</option>
<option value="">project1.xml</option>
</select>
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