Unfortunately I don't know how to retrieve the actual color.
It's easy to get this as a Drawable
Button button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.my_button);
Drawable buttonBackground = button.getBackground();
If you know this is a color then you can try
ColorDrawable buttonColor = (ColorDrawable) button.getBackground();
And if you're on Android 3.0+ you can get out the resource id of the color.
int colorId = buttonColor.getColor();
And compare this to your assigned colors, ie.
if (colorID == R.color.green) {
log("color is green");
}
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