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What's Pros and Cons: putting javascript in head and putting just before the body close

Most of javascript and web development books/articles says that you must put CSS in the head tag and javascript at the bottom of the page.

But when I open html source of famous websites such as this one stackoverflow, I find they put some js files in the head tag.

What's Pros and Cons of both approaches and when to use which?

Found another question for the same issue: Where should I declare JavaScript files used in my page? In <head></head> or near </body>?

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From Yahoo's Best Practices for Speeding Up Your Web Site:

The problem caused by scripts is that they block parallel downloads. The HTTP/1.1 specification suggests that browsers download no more than two components in parallel per hostname. If you serve your images from multiple hostnames, you can get more than two downloads to occur in parallel. While a script is downloading, however, the browser won't start any other downloads, even on different hostnames.

In some situations it's not easy to move scripts to the bottom. If, for example, the script uses document.write to insert part of the page's content, it can't be moved lower in the page. There might also be scoping issues. In many cases, there are ways to workaround these situations.

An alternative suggestion that often comes up is to use deferred scripts. The DEFER attribute indicates that the script does not contain document.write, and is a clue to browsers that they can continue rendering. Unfortunately, Firefox doesn't support the DEFER attribute. In Internet Explorer, the script may be deferred, but not as much as desired. If a script can be deferred, it can also be moved to the bottom of the page. That will make your web pages load faster.

Therefore, in general, it is preferrable to put them at the bottom. However, it isn't always possible, and it often doesn't make that much of a difference anyway.


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